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The consequences of climate change have caused an increase in extreme climatic events such as floods drought, erratic rainfall, and cyclone among others. These have further negative implications on water availability, agricultural production, and food security in the context of project research sites. The agrarian households that depended on the agriculture sector for their livelihoods are vulnerable to the impact of climate change. To adapt to extreme events, communities adopted measures to manage resources, harness opportunity from technology, and practices traditional and indigenous knowledge. The role of government and external agencies has been found to be vital for empowering local people and strengthening local institutions in process of adapting to climate change. 

A few key findings and outcomes from some of the individual case studies are highlighted below: 

In Bangladesh, the study revealed that the increasing trend of climate change particularly temperature and erratic rainfall patterns, and anthropogenic activities (like deforestation) could be the reasons for decreasing the natural resources, particularly forests. The community people have taken some adaptation measures like changing the planting time, using new technologies, etc. However, the community strongly opined that the concerned authorities should take appropriate measures like construction of water reservoirs, afforestation through community approach/partnership, development of pest and disease resistant variety, etc. These might have positive benefits to combat the impacts of climate change to a considerable extent and creating their better livelihood opportunities. 

In Nepal, rural communities are highly dependent on forest products for their livelihood. The effect of climate change can be seen in the form of less forest product availability for harvesting. Institutions play a vital role in climate change adaptation and enhance the capacity of local people to cope with the extremes. The success of all the adaptation practices depends on the arrangement of institutions and performance. Even the government also recognized the role of local communities in designing and implementing an ecosystem-based adaptation approach. 

Thailand

In Thailand, it has been realized that the climate is changing and this has had an impact on the cropping system, water availability, and traditional harvesting pattern from the forest. Direct impacts from changing climate on crop yield and natural resources are still not noticed well but reported that such impacts are difficult to distinguish from effects due to deforestation and land-use change. Local wisdom and traditional knowledge could be useful to help to respond to environmental changes. However, this has been lost by the introduction of modern technology in some cases. Local research to compile and conserve traditional wisdom is critical for the community and province to strengthen their capacity to adapt and respond to future environmental impacts, including climate change. 

Vietnam

In Vietnam, in order to adapt to climate change, local people have been changing their agriculture activities, number of livestock rearing, cultivation techniques, crop composition, vaccination, pest and disease prevention measurement and apply new techniques. Most of the adaptation activities of local people toward climate change are from their own experiences or learning from their individual practices. There were no any programmes from the government/local authorities to help local people to adapt to climate change. The focus of the government in the coastal area where the impacts of the climate changes are much more serious.